中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
龚克：人工智能应用于韧性治理，要依法和适度******
中新网北京12月11日电 “人工智能(AI)应用于韧性治理要依法和适度，要贯彻AI伦理原则，坚持以人为目的，以目的为中心，而不是以工具为中心，避免技术异化。”
2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛12月9日开幕。在其中的主题论坛“人工智能引领韧性治理与未来科技”中，世界工程组织联合会前主席、中国新一代人工智能发展战略研究院执行院长龚克这样指出。
2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛由清华大学主办、清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院(I-AIIG)承办，中国新闻网作为战略合作伙伴，联合国开发计划署(UNDP)、联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)等国际组织、国内外学术机构支持。
世界工程组织联合会前主席、中国新一代人工智能发展战略研究院执行院长龚克，在2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛主题论坛“人工智能引领韧性治理与未来科技”中发言。主办方供图龚克认为，当前，韧性已成为可持续发展中的重要要求和愿景。“进入21世纪以来，韧性理论从生态学、工程学、心理学领域逐步延展到城市治理领域。”
在他看来，韧性发展现在已经成为重要的发展思路。“它正视困难、风险、冲击、变化，以适应力、恢复力应对之，使系统损失减少到可承受、使运行不失稳、发展不逆转。”
龚克举例指出，韧性的基础设施是韧性城市的基础，AI在提高基础设施韧性方面可以发挥积极的作用。“比如AI可以快速、精准地帮助发现地下送水管网的泄露，以实施快速修复。又比如，AI可以及时、准确预测城市用水需求，帮助实现适时适量的供水。再如，AI可以及早、准确地预报特定灾害，帮助实现预防和减损。”
“这些例子告诉我们，AI助力韧性发展的作用是无可置疑的，数据是AI发挥作用的重要基础，数据的及时、准确、全面对于AI助力韧性发展至关重要。”龚克坦言，因此，物联网的发展、多源数据的融合、数据的无偏化处理等等，特别是相关知识与数据的结合，以及降低算法对于数据规模、质量的依赖性，成为AI助力韧性发展的技术趋势。
龚克表示，“就技术赋能而言，人工智能与韧性治理的关系，包括人工智能作为治理工具和人工智能作为治理对象两方面。我认为，两者统一于人工智能在韧性治理中负责任地、符合伦理地、依法和适度地应用。”
他指出，如果AI要赋能韧性治理，就需要自身增能，增强透明度、可解释性、可靠性、鲁棒性，自身要能抗干扰、抗攻击等，让其自身成为有韧性的AI。“如果AI自身很脆弱，容易被攻击、受干扰，它非但不能助力韧性治理，还会起到相反的作用。”
同时，龚克强调，AI在用于韧性治理上，要做到依法和适度。
“就技术赋权来讲，特别强调赋权必须是依法的，要防止技术异化为权力。”他认为，AI系统作为治理工具时应能针对具体应用主体和场景，识别法律赋予的权力边界，并在任何情况下，保证包容、公平、无歧视，保证不伤害，保证人类的监督和决定权。(完)
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